The sexual drive. Freud believed that the sexual drive is as natural and insistent as hunger and that the libido manifests its influence as early as birth.

弗洛伊德精神分析理论的一个重要概念，主要指性本能的能量，但不限于生理层面的性，而是有关生命本能的、广泛的心理驱动力。

在人的不同发展阶段，利比多有不同的投注对象、表现形式。在儿童时期，可能通过口唇、肛门等部位获得满足，成年后则通过性活动或其他升华的方式得以释放。

弗洛伊德将利比多的变化和转移视为影响个体心理和行为的重要因素，比如压抑的利比多可能导致心理问题。

This libidinal energy and its circulation produce desire, but desire does not always produce pleasure: it can generate suffering. Most of the time, in fact, objects of desire do generate suffering. For objects of desire are generally not the kind of objects to which we have access: they are distant, inaccessible, infinite, incommensurable, objects that are beyond us or that crush us. It was for this reason that Lacan said that libidinal economy is an economy of lack. I do not believe, however, that we should refer to 'lack'. I believe that we should rather refer to a (de)fault [defaut], and to a fault that is necessary, that goes beyond, reaches higher-that is, an excess: in French, le comble du defaut. A kind of summit, an elevation, or what Simondon called a key-point.

力比多能量 libidinal energy

（力比多并非神秘的生物学概念，而是主体经由语言媒介而与外界形成的欲望关系。

外部世界是建构的、主观的、滞后的。语言是真实的主要因素。

在脑科学的时代，弗洛伊德的概念太形而上了——他本来就最想当哲学家，搞细点更有解释力。）

• 利比多流回自我
• 资本主义：自毁的力比多经济
• 力比多装置：叙事电影（生本能） v 先锋电影（死本能）

阿尔都塞说，在斯宾诺莎的身体理论“中发现了对弗洛伊德的力比多...令人惊讶的预支”。