fetishiste 恋物者/物恋者

主体失去欲望对象本身,而仅仅追求欲望客体一成因即对象a,这就是拜物教的逻辑。在精神分析学中,拉康认为对象a既是欲望的成因和动力,同时也可以是欲望的直接对象。这来自于幼儿时期,快感剩余依附于部分客体上,而这种部分客体逐渐替代了正常的客体,比如恋物癖就是把女性的内衣、饰品、衣袜、鞋子替代了女性身体成为欲望的直接对象。齐泽克认为,欲望的客体与其原因之间总是存在差距,唯有这一差距、鸿沟的存在才能保持欲望的运动、社会的可交换性。在忧郁症中,主体得到了欲望对象却被剥夺了欲望原因;而在恋 物癖( 拜物教) 中主体则直接把欲望客体一成因即对象a当成了欲望对象,从而忽略欲望客体本身。

齐泽克因此指出,恋物癖是一种误认的结构效果:“即各种构成因素之间的关系网络的效果,表现为某一构成因素的直接财富,而且好像这个财富也属于各种因素关系之外的某一因素。”恋物就是“一个 ‘结构 ’,一 个 ‘网络 ’的 效果被(错误)理解为一个个体的直接属性 ”。(就像奢侈品一样,身份财富个人能力等的象征)

The displacement of desire and fantasy onto alternative objects or body parts (eg. a foot fetish or a shoe fetish), in order to obviate a subject's confrontation with the castration complex. Freud came to realize in his essay on "Fetishism" that the fetishist is able at one and the same time to believe in his phantasy and to recognize that it is nothing but a phantasy. And yet, the fact of recognizing the phantasy as phantasy in no way reduces its power over the individual. Octave Mannoni, in an influential essay, phrased this paradoxical logic in this way: "je sais bien, mais quand-même" or "I know very well, but nevertheless." Zizek builds on this idea in theorizing the nature of ideology, which follows a similar contradictory logic. Kristeva goes so far as to associate all language with fetishism: "It is perhaps unavoidable that, when a subject confronts the factitiousness of object relation, when he stands at the place of the want that founds it, the fetish becomes a life preserver, temporary and slippery, but nonetheless indispensable. But is not exactly language our ultimate and inseparable fetish? And language, precisely, is based on fetishist denial ('I know that, but just the same,' 'the sign is not the thing, but just the same,' etc.) and defines us in our essence as speaking beings" (37).

signe de l'image-pulsion. Représentation des morceaux arrachés au monde dérivé. La pulsion est un acte qui arrache, déchire, désarticule : le fétiche est un gros plan objet. Le fétiche c'est l'objet de la pulsion, c'est à dire le morceau qui à la fois appartient au monde originaire et est arraché à l'objet réel du milieu dérivé. C'est toujours un objet partiel, quartier de viande, pièce crue, déchet, culotte de femme, chaussure. La chaussure comme fétiche sexuel donne lieu à une confrontation Stroheim-Bunuel particulièrement dans La veuve joyeuse de l'un et Le journal d'une femme de chambre de l'autre.

拉图尔

拜物教是社会学家对“他者幻觉”的幻觉。马克思的物质基础要么太强,导致了社会关系,要么太弱,凝结、冻结、物化了社会关系——物只能是投射直觉的东西。