国家装置与战争机器（State Apparatus and War Machines） 德勒兹于 1979–1980 年在巴黎 Vincennes/Paris 8 开设的研讨班，共 13 讲。 格式：每段 ZH（中译，默认色）/ FR（法文原文，灰色）/ EN（英译，蓝色）。 本页：Lecture 02，共 82 段。 来源：Purdue「The Deleuze Seminars」Wayback 存档；英译参照 Purdue content-en。

德勒兹回顾上一讲提出的概念，然后开始从历史、技术和经济角度考察国家装置。

Deleuze revient aux concepts présentés dans la séance précédente, puis commence l'examen de l'appareil d'État sous ses formes historiques, techniques, et économiques.

Given the increased attendance from the previous week, Deleuze reviews the premises for continuing the previous year's topic and repeats the basic question of where the State apparatus came from. Deleuze traces the theoretical history of these premises, from the despotic or Asiatic formations, distinguishing “primitive codes” (of interlaced lineages and territories) from their “overcoding”, i.e., their subsistence in relation to a superior unity (e.g., the despot) which acts upon them to “overcode” them, thereby defining the archaic empire. Deleuze considers implications of the previous year's hypothesis, i.e., the war machine was invented by the nomads as their riposte against the archaic empires that operated via bureaucracy, insisting that money itself is drawn from metallurgical sources far away, hence the necessity of external trade allowed via taxes. Summarizing, Deleuze states that overcoding (a unit enjoying profit, rent, tax revenue, external commerce) is something added on top of the code (communes, lineages, territories), with the whole arising from communes to the Emperor, hence the formalized unity, distinct from the set of formalized objects, occurring through transcendence. In contrast (speaking in logical terms) is “axiomatization” (discussed in the 1978-79 seminar) which is a formalization of pure immanence, alongside the formalized aggregates. Then, to distinguish enslavement and subjection, Deleuze pursues two consecutive perspectives, the first technical, the second economic, and concludes that capitalism pushed social subjection to its limit since the more variable capital increases (labor power, the sum of wages), the greater the possibility of surplus-value (and indirectly, of profit), thereby never confusing machines and men. Summarizing this model (of dual subjection and enslavement), Deleuze indicates how it contrasts with the initial, archaic despotic model, yet the early model presupposing “potential surplus” as well as a certain mode ...

第二讲，1979年11月13日

2ème séance, 13 novembre 1979

I cannot … There are too many of you. How about we divide this into two? I'll do the same thing for both halves in succession. That will be an advantage for you, because you won't have to stay for an hour and a half, and an advantage for me, because I'll have two and a half hours to say the same thing [Laughter]. Yes, I'm afraid so, because this situation is unworkable. Come on, be fair. The kind of work we're doing requires smaller numbers. Otherwise, nobody can speak; not even me. Well, what do you think of this idea? [Student responses]. Oh, the second session is more convenient? Fine, then I'll just stay here by myself for an hour and a half, that's fine … no, I mean, it's terrible. It seems that last time some people couldn't make it.

第一部分[此处开始法国国家图书馆录音，但非YouTube或Web Deleuze录音]

Partie 1 [Ici commence l'enregistrement de la Bibliothèque nationale [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k128270w], mais non pas dans l'enregistrement de YouTube, ni de Web Deleuze]

Deleuze: I can probably handle it because I'll be forced to think about something else, but surely all of you can't manage in this room, it's not possible. What time is it?

我做不到……我发现我们人太多了。所以……我的想法是：我把这门课分成两半。啊……然后，稍微变通一下，我先后对你们一半人和另一半人做几乎相同的内容。对你们来说全是好处，因为你们只需要待一个半小时。对我也全是好处，因为我要说同样的话待两个半小时[笑声]。是的，恐怕是这样，因为这种情况没法进行。来吧，要公平。我们做的这种工作，当然人要多，但……但得能稍微讨论一下，嗯。现在没人能说话了，连我也不能。嗯，你们觉得这个想法怎么样？

Je ne peux pas… Je constate avec vous tous qu'on est trop nombreux. Alors… Mon idée, c'est : je coupe l'UV en deux. Ah… Et, avec des variantes, je fais à peu près la même chose pour la moitié d'entre vous et l'autre moitié, successivement. Tout avantage pour vous, qui ne restez qu'une heure et demie. Tout avantage pour moi, qui reste deux heures et demie en disant la même chose [Rires] et… [Commentaires d'un ou une étudiant(e) : inaudible, rires]… Oui [Rires], et… tout s'arrange comme ça, parce que ce n'est pas vivable pour [BN, 1 :00] personne ce… Surtout que c'est vrai, là, c'est vrai, c'est vrai, c'est vrai, là, soyez justes… le genre de travail que l'on fait, ça implique quand même que… bien sûr qu'il y ait beaucoup de monde, mais que… on puisse parler un peu, hein. Plus personne ne peut parler, là, même pas moi. Hein, qu'est-ce que vous pensez de cette idée ?

Students: [Inaudible comment]

一名学生（靠近德勒兹）：好主意。

Une étudiante (près de Deleuze) : Très bonne idée.

Deleuze: Did you say a quarter past 10? [Laughter]. The ideal would be … Last year, it was good because towards the end it began to work rather well, with me asking you questions and you answering with things that I need. Although I want to avoid discussions, it's great when I can say 'I need something, does anyone have any idea about it?' But if it's like this, nobody is going to want to speak.

德勒兹：B组是晚些时候的，嗯？[笑声]所以……这不会差，我会独自待一个半小时……不，我是说，这很糟糕。看来上次有些人没来。

Deleuze : Le groupe B c'est le plus tard, hein ? [Rires] Alors… ça ne sera pas mal, je serai tout seul une heure et demie, moi ça me va… Non, je veux dire, c'est terrible, hein. Enfin, la dernière fois, il y en avait beaucoup qui n'étaient pas là.

Deleuze: Will it cause problems to split the session?

靠近德勒兹的学生：显然，你看，所有人都可以来……